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This Week in Science - Armor Planting | About Africa | Triple Cooling | Fluorescing in Sequence | Sticky Stuff | Monitoring Mammalian Conservation Status | Seising Up Soufrière | Hot, Deep, and Alone | A Century in Yosemite | Promoting Toxin Processing | T Regulation of Dendritic Cells | Mechanics of Atom Clouds | Seismic Signal | Shifting the Range | Hindering Herpes...

Editors' Choice - NEUROSCIENCE: Staggered Starts | CLIMATE SCIENCE: What Have We Done? | CELL BIOLOGY: Decisions, Decisions | CHEMISTRY: Spinning Soy into Gold | ECOLOGY: The Me Generation | IMMUNOLOGY: Hard Graft Made Easy | DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY: Alternative Route to Male Killing...

Science Scope - Change at the Top | Show Me the Rubles | Reviewing Peer Review | Target Acquired: Lung Cancer | Report: U.K. Physics Physically Fit...

Random Samples - BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU--AND YOUR FOOD | AARP LAUDS NIH | 3, 7, 31, AND COUNTING | ROMAN HOLIDAY...

Newsmakers - CAMPAIGNS | PIONEERS | POLITICS | THEY SAID IT | AWARDS...

[EDITORIAL] The Misused Impact Factor - Author: Kai Simons...

[NEWS] NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE: HIV, HPV Researchers Honored, But One Scientist Is Left Out - The 2008 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine has been awarded to Luc Montagnier and Françoise Barré-Sinoussi for their discovery of the virus that causes AIDS--but not Robert Gallo, whom many consider to have co-discovered the virus with Montagnier. A third prize went to German virologist Harald zur Hausen for finding that human papillomaviruses can cause cervical cancer.Authors: Jon Cohen, Martin Enserink...

[NEWS] NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS: Trio of Particle Theorists Lauded - This year's Nobel Prize in physics honors Yoichiro Nambu, Makoto Kobayashi, and Toshihide Maskawa for discoveries in particle physics.Author: Adrian Cho...

[NEWS] DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY: Lights! Camera! Action! Zebrafish Embryos Caught on Film - A set of unusual movies, described online this week in Science and available on the Web, shows all the movements and divisions of cells in a zebrafish embryo during its first day of development.Author: Gretchen Vogel...

[NEWS] ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT: Pacific Northwest Sea Bird May Lose 'Threatened' Status - The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service agreed last week to review the protected status of the marbled murrelet, a sea bird that nests in the coastal forests of the Pacific Northwest, in response to a timber-industry-led petition claiming that the bird does not meet key provisions of the Endangered Species Act.Author: Rachel Zelkowitz...

[NEWS] SCIENTIFIC UNIONS: Meeting of Research Leaders Spotlights African Development, Disaster Planning - The International Council for Science will hold its general assembly session on 20 to 24 October in Mozambique's scarred but rebuilding capital, Maputo, in part to advance its strategy of expanding activities and boosting science in Africa.Author: Robert Koenig...

[NEWS] ECOLOGY: Comprehensive Conservation Database Details Threats to Mammals - Earlier this week, the International Union for Conservation of Nature released a database detailing the status of all mammals known to humankind since the year 1500. On page 225 of this week's issue of Science, the team that assembled the database analyzes the findings. The news is bleak, particularly for the oceangoers.Author: Elizabeth Pennisi...

[NEWS] SOCIAL SCIENCE: Do Voter Surveys Underestimate the Impact of Racial Bias? - Some social scientists think that many voters who say they support Democratic candidate Senator Barack Obama in fact may be uncomfortable with the prospect of an African-American president or that polls have failed to reach Democratic voters most likely to harbor such prejudice, and that some fraction of those people may vote for Republican Senator John McCain--or not vote at all.Author: Jennifer Couzin...

[NEWS] 2009 U.S. BUDGET: Tax Credit Extension Is Silver Lining for Science - Last week's $700 billion rescue package for U.S. financial institutions also lends a hand to high-tech companies by extending and expanding a tax credit for investing in research.Author: Jeffrey Mervis...

[NEWS FOCUS] CLIMATE CHANGE: Impacts Research Seen As Next Climate Frontier - Scientists hope that the next U.S. president will devote more of the billion-dollar climate change research program to impacts.Author: Eli Kintisch...

[NEWS FOCUS] ECOLOGY: From Remarkable Rescue to Restoration of Lost Habitat - Southwest China's alpine lakes have lost many of their native species. Researchers may have found a way to reboot the ecosystem.Author: Richard Stone...

[NEWS FOCUS] HISTORY OF SCIENCE: Samurai Mathematician Set Japan Ablaze With Brief, Bright Light - Isolated from the West, Seki Takakazu churned out some of the finest mathematical work of his time. Centuries later, scholars are finally giving him his due.Author: Dennis Normile...

[NEWS FOCUS] BIOETHICS: Students Learn How, Not What, to Think About Difficult Issues - A novel bioethics program trains teachers to help students confront challenges in the classroom--and in their lives.Author: Greg Miller...

[THE GONZO SCIENTIST] Calling All Dancing Scientists! - If you missed this year's "Dance Your Ph.D." contest, act fast: The deadline to enter the 2009 contest, for which the stage will be much larger and the prize far grander, is 16 November 2008.Author: John Bohannon...

[LETTERS] Declines in NIH R01 Research Grant Funding - Authors: H. George Mandel, Elliot S. Vesell...

[LETTERS] A Call to Action for Coral Reefs - Authors: Richard E. Dodge, Charles Birkeland, Marea Hatziolos, Joan Kleypas, Stephen R. Palumbi, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Rob van Woesik, John C. Ogden, Richard B. Aronson, Billy D. Causey, Francis Staub...

[LETTERS] LIFE IN SCIENCE: Sounds of Atoms - Authors: Paul S. Weiss, Stephan J. Stranick...

[LETTERS] Neutralizing the Impact Factor Culture - Author: Abner L. Notkins...

[LETTERS] Impact Factor Fever - Author: Paolo Cherubini...

[BOOKS ET AL.] COGNITIVE SCIENCE: Arguing for Embodied Consciousness - The author argues that findings from the natural sciences, especially research on human cognition, are critical to progress in the humanities and studies of culture.Author: Harold Fromm...

[BOOKS ET AL.] SCIENCE AND ART: Subject Matter Matters - These two books will fascinate readers interested in the arena in which art and science come together or in illustrations of birds or fossils.Author: Mary Parrish...

[POLICY FORUM] GENETICS: Trends in Human Gene Patent Litigation - Fears surrounding human gene patents have, for the most part, yet to manifest themselves in patent litigation.Author: Christopher M. Holman...

[PERSPECTIVES] PALEONTOLOGY: Sauropod Gigantism - How did sauropod dinosaurs reach body sizes that remain unsurpassed in land-living animals?Authors: P. Martin Sander, Marcus Clauss...

[PERSPECTIVES] IMMUNOLOGY: Regulating Suppression - How a T cell protein suppresses the immune response will help guide the development of therapies that do not have autoimmune side effects.Author: Ethan M. Shevach...

[PERSPECTIVES] PHYSICS: Cold Molecules Beat the Shakes - Due to their relative complexity, molecules have been harder to cool than atoms, but that is beginning to change.Author: P. L. Gould...

[PERSPECTIVES] EVOLUTION: Armor Development and Fitness - The fitness of stickleback fish that develop different numbers of external bony plates varies between oceanic and freshwater environments.Author: William A. Cresko...

[PERSPECTIVES] ECOLOGY: Biodiversity in a Warmer World - A new framework helps to understand how species ranges change under global warming.Authors: Jens-Christian Svenning, Richard Condit...

[PERSPECTIVES] GEOPHYSICS: Volcanic Symphony in the Lab - Analysis of acoustic signals from lab samples links rapid pressure drops of pore fluids with low-frequency volcanic earthquakes.Authors: Luigi Burlini, Giulio Di Toro...

[SPECIAL SECTION] Lemons, Oranges, and Complexity - Author: Eliot Marshall...

[SPECIAL/MULTIMEDIA] Video: Pediatric Medicines -- Prescribing Drugs "Off-Label" - A video progress report on regulating and testing medicines for kids.Author: Robert Frederick...

[SPECIAL/NEWS] Spiraling Costs Threaten Gridlock - The gold standard of medical science--the big randomized trial--is in danger of being priced out of reach by technical complexity, poor management, and paperwork.Author: David Malakoff...

[SPECIAL/NEWS] Allegations of Waste: The 'Seeding' Study - Internal company documents suggesting that a 1999 trial of the Merck painkiller Vioxx had more to do marketing than with science have focused new attention on so-called seeding trials aimed at promoting new treatments.Author: David Malakoff...

[SPECIAL/NEWS] The Promise and Pitfalls of Clinical Trials Overseas - Big pharma has big incentives, including cost savings and more powerful studies, to launch trials in developing countries. But can companies avoid the ethical potholes?Author: Dennis Normile...

[SPECIAL/NEWS] Making Clinical Data Widely Available - Granting public access to drug trial results and sharing patient data among researchers will make products safer and advance science, proponents say.Author: Jocelyn Kaiser...

[SPECIAL/NEWS] Women Abound in NIH Trials - A campaign that began in the 1990s to include more female participants in clinical trials funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health may have been more successful than people realize.Author: Constance Holden...

[SPECIAL/NEWS] Cholesterol Veers Off Script - Recent trials of drugs that either lower "bad" cholesterol or raise the "good" kind have produced surprising results; along with genetics research, these findings have put in question some long-held beliefs.Author: Jennifer Couzin...

[BREVIA] Collective Behavior in an Early Cambrian Arthropod - Fossil arthropods in 525-million-year-old rocks in China are preserved in a long chain, implying that some Cambrian animals exhibited social behavior, unlike later arthropods.Authors: Xian-Guang Hou, Derek J. Siveter, Richard J. Aldridge, David J. Siveter...

[RESEARCH ARTICLES] The Status of the World?s Land and Marine Mammals: Diversity, Threat, and Knowledge - A comprehensive assessment of all of Earth's mammals shows that primary productivity drives species richness on land and sea and that 20 to 25 percent of species are under threat.Authors: Jan Schipper, Janice S. Chanson, Federica Chiozza, Neil A. Cox, Michael Hoffmann, Vineet Katariya, John Lamoreux, Ana S. L. Rodrigues, Simon N. Stuart, Helen J. Temple, Jonathan Baillie, Luigi Boitani, Thomas E. Lacher Jr., Russell A. Mittermeier, Andrew T. Smit...

[RESEARCH ARTICLES] A High Phase-Space-Density Gas of Polar Molecules - Raman laser irradiation can cool a cloud of KRb molecules to ultralow translational, vibrational, and rotational temperatures, a step toward forming molecular condensates. Authors: K.-K. Ni, S. Ospelkaus, M. H. G. de Miranda, A. Pe?er, B. Neyenhuis, J. J. Zirbel, S. Kotochigova, P. S. Julienne, D. S. Jin, J. Ye...

[REPORTS] Cavity Optomechanics with a Bose-Einstein Condensate - Coupling a Bose-Einstein condensate to an optical cavity holding a few trapped photons provides a sensitive probe of mechanical oscillations in the quantum regime.Authors: Ferdinand Brennecke, Stephan Ritter, Tobias Donner, Tilman Esslinger...

[REPORTS] Carbon Nanotube Arrays with Strong Shear Binding-On and Easy Normal Lifting-Off - Like gecko feet, a disordered array of carbon nanotubes with curly entangled tops can grip vertical surfaces without slipping but can also release and reattach easily.Authors: Liangti Qu, Liming Dai, Morley Stone, Zhenhai Xia, Zhong Lin Wang...

[REPORTS] Base Sequence and Higher-Order Structure Induce the Complex Excited-State Dynamics in DNA - DNA dissipates ultraviolet light more effectively when it consists of a mixed sequence than when it is an extended run of the same nucleotide.Authors: Nina K. Schwalb, Friedrich Temps...

[REPORTS] Implications of Magma Transfer Between Multiple Reservoirs on Eruption Cycling - Data from the Soufrière Hills volcano reveal how connected shallow and deep magma chambers led to three eruption cycles over 12 years and imply that activity may end soon.Authors: Derek Elsworth, Glen Mattioli, Joshua Taron, Barry Voight, Richard Herd...

[REPORTS] Laboratory Simulation of Volcano Seismicity - Microquakes in a fractured rock sample in which pore water is experimentally decompressed replicate earthquakes seen in active volcanoes, explaining their origins. Authors: Philip M Benson, Sergio Vinciguerra, Philip G Meredith, R Paul Young...

[REPORTS] Northern Hemisphere Controls on Tropical Southeast African Climate During the Past 60,000 Years - Abrupt changes in precipitation and temperature resolved in a record spanning the past 60,000 years from Lake Tanganyika, East Africa, are coeval with Northern Hemisphere climate events.Authors: Jessica E. Tierney, James M. Russell, Yongsong Huang, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, Ellen C. Hopmans, Andrew S. Cohen...

[REPORTS] Natural Selection on a Major Armor Gene in Threespine Stickleback - In stickleback fish transferred to fresh water, selection against the allele for the costly armor plating only partly explains the changes in allele frequencies over generations. Authors: Rowan D. H. Barrett, Sean M. Rogers, Dolph Schluter...

[REPORTS] Global Warming, Elevational Range Shifts, and Lowland Biotic Attrition in the Wet Tropics - Global warming threatens to cause species loss in the lowland tropics, as species that move upward from low elevations are not replaced and those on mountain tops die out. Authors: Robert K. Colwell, Gunnar Brehm, Catherine L. Cardelús, Alex C. Gilman, John T. Longino...

[REPORTS] Impact of a Century of Climate Change on Small-Mammal Communities in Yosemite National Park, USA - Over the past 100 years, small mammals in Yosemite, California, show range contraction at high elevations and range expansion lower down, as well as rearranged communities.Authors: Craig Moritz, James L. Patton, Chris J. Conroy, Juan L. Parra, Gary C. White, Steven R. Beissinger...

[REPORTS] Small Molecule?Induced Allosteric Activation of the Vibrio cholerae RTX Cysteine Protease Domain - Cholera toxin becomes active inside an infected cell when a host lipid binds to it, allosterically exposing its active site, which allows autoproteolysis and thus infection.Authors: Patrick J. Lupardus, Aimee Shen, Matthew Bogyo, K. Christopher Garcia...

[REPORTS] Noncytotoxic Lytic Granule?Mediated CD8+ T Cell Inhibition of HSV-1 Reactivation from Neuronal Latency - Herpes virus in neurons can be kept in a latent state by T cells, which release granzyme B, an inhibitor of a protein necessary for viral gene expression.Authors: Jared E. Knickelbein, Kamal M. Khanna, Michael B. Yee, Catherine J. Baty, Paul R. Kinchington, Robert L. Hendricks...

[REPORTS] CTLA-4 Control over Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cell Function - A protein in T regulatory cells controls their ability to dampen activation of the immune system by antigen-presenting cells, preventing autoimmune disease. Authors: Kajsa Wing, Yasushi Onishi, Paz Prieto-Martin, Tomoyuki Yamaguchi, Makoto Miyara, Zoltan Fehervari, Takashi Nomura, Shimon Sakaguchi...

[REPORTS] Environmental Genomics Reveals a Single-Species Ecosystem Deep Within Earth - DNA sequences in water samples from a depth of 2.8 kilometers in a South African gold mine reveal the presence of a thermophilic microbe that can fix its own nitrogen and carbon. Authors: Dylan Chivian, Eoin L. Brodie, Eric J. Alm, David E. Culley, Paramvir S. Dehal, Todd Z. DeSantis, Thomas M. Gihring, Alla Lapidus, Li-Hung Lin, Stephen R. Lowry, Duane P. Moser, Paul M. Richardson, Gordon Southam, Greg Wanger, Lisa M. Pratt, Gary L. Andersen, Te...

[PODCASTS] Science Podcast - Author: ...

[SUPPLEMENT] BUSINESS OFFICE FEATURE: TOP EMPLOYER SURVEY: Leadership, Stability, and Social Responsibility - Author: Peter Gwynne...